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(@ p 8:$0 S'51997-1999 Process Software</,//0X0H040dd(111Y@ p,0?%t} ,0H./04x$xa(  (t} 8    (@7 8D   (mE  8;$Ĥ0  51970s ARPANET was small. Few hundred hosts maintained by a single file named HOSTS.TXT on a single host named SRI-NIC. Administrators would e-mail their changes to the NIC and FTPd the most recent file from the SRI-NIC system. More and more systems joined the ARPANET, which resulted in more and more systems calling on the SRI-NIC for updates. Took a while for changes to become live in the HOSTS.TXT file The more systems out there, the longer it took for them all to be updated with the most recent version of HOSTS.TXT</,// 00040dda40ddo40ddy40dd?40dds40dd(111  8.04x$xw&UGGGى  (@ p 8 Z P   (@@  8:#x$#0z]V  5Brief History Lesson</,//(Q0X0H040dd(111    (@  8:$0z-V 5How it worked Started as a single file in ARPANET Updated a couple times a week All systems transferred file from a single host What went wrong More additions = more load on host Large delay from change to update Larger delay from update to full transfer///0r/0/0n/0P0@040UlKd$40dd40dd040dd40UlKd#40dd"40dd)40dd(111 $*Y@ p,0K%t} ,0H./04x$xa(  (t} 8    (@7 8D   (mE  8;$Ĥ0  #5In 1984 Paul Mockapetris authored two RFCs (882 and 883) that described the basic design of the Domain Name System. Updated by 1034 and 1035 Distributed Database approch which allowed local control to changes. Load was dispersed to different parts of the networks, as well as the maintenance required with updates. Client and Server archiitecture used. Resolvers ask questions to Nameservers who in turn answer or ask other nameservers. Hierarchical approach used. Parent knows authoritatively about its children, and delegates down the chain.</,/#/ 000u40dd40ddE40ddi40dd{40ddl40dd(11#1  8.04x$xw&UGGGى  (@ p 8 N V   (@@  8:#~$#0z]V &5And then there were many</,//(Q0X0H040dd(111    (@  8:$0z-V t5The Solution to the problem in 1984 RFCs 882 and 883 originally Updated by RFCs 1034 and 1035 Distributed database Allows local control dispersed load and maintenance Client & Server architecture Hierarchical approach to name resolution//$/0:/0/0y/0P0@0$40UlKd40dd40dd40UlKd40dd40dd40dd(40dd(111 $*YB7@ p,0%7t} ,0H./04x$xa(  (t} 8 (   (@7 8D7   (mE  8t;D$Ĥ0  42dd3 w5//0011  8.04x$xw&UGGGى  (@ p 8 ; O   (@@  8:#w$#0z]V 5How Hierarchy works</,//(Q0X0H040dd(111    (@0 8:$0 m\5. [root]</,//00040TlKP40TlKP(111 $* & (pP 8:f$0}5us</,//0X0H040dP(111 ' ( P 8:g$0j}F5com</,//0X0H040dP(111 ' (0P 8:g$0z}V5org</,//0X0H040dP(111 ( (@P 8:h$0}f5arpa</,//0X0H040dP(111 ' (P`  8:g$0:} 5edu</,//0X0H040dP(111 + (P 8:k$0=v5unh.edu</,//0X0H040dP(111 0 (0 8:p$0*] 5in-addr.arpa</,/ /0X0H0 40dP(11 1 * (p  8:j$0= 5bu.edu</,//0X0H040dP(111 z @1@P  8 ) (  8:i$0j=F5ca.us</,//0X0H040dP(111 ) ( 8:i$0Z=65ma.us</,//0X0H040dP(111 - (00 8:m$0z]V 5decus.org</,/ /0X0H0 40dP(11 1 0 (  8:p$0M 5boston.ma.us</,/ /0X0H0 40dP(11 1 z   8 z P  8 z P  8 z ``P  8 z PPP  8 z PP0  8 z   8 z q`  8 z pp  8 z ``  8 z ``   8 z ``0  8 + ( 0 8:k$0j]F5foo.com</,//0X0H040dP(111 1 (@ 8:q$0-V 5sales.foo.com</,/ /0X0H0 40dP(11 1 4 (Pp 8:t$0 &s5test.eng.foo.com</,//0X0H040dP(111 z @@0  8 / ( 8:o$0J- 5eng.foo.com</,/ /0X0H0 40dP(11 1 z @@p  8 z pp  8 z q  8 z q  8 z   8 z    8 z   8 z     8 3 (`  8:s$0 s5dev.eng.foo.com</,//0X0H040dP(111 3 (@ 8:s$0 s5ref.eng.foo.com</,//0X0H040dP(111 z P  8 z PP  8 z Q  8 z Q  8 z Q  8 @ p,0% t} ,0H./04x$xa(  (t} 8 (   (@7 8D    (mE  8t;D$Ĥ0  42dd3 w5//0011  8.04x$xw&UGGGى  (@ p 8  H   (@@  8:#p$#0z]V  5Basic Design</,/ /(Q0X0H0 40dd(11 1 9   (@  8]:-$0z-V 5Client / Server Architecture Resolver (Client) Initiates questions Nameserver (Server and Client) Listens for questions Answers questions Caches information Delegates authority forwards questions (acting as a client)/// 0/0/0/0w/00040UlKd40dd40UKd40dd40UKd40UKd40UKd40UKd'40UKd(111 $*1 @ p,0%t} ,0H./04x$xa(  (t} 8 (   (@7 8D   (mE  8t;D$Ĥ0  42dd3 w5//0011  8.04x$xw&UGGGى  (@ p 8  I   (@@  8:#q$#0z]V  5DNS Resolvers</,/ /(Q0X0H0 40dd(11 1 h   (@`  8:\$0z}V 5Accessed by way of programming libraries Configured with a list of default nameservers Relies on nameserver to find answer Generally doesnt cache answers Often will look in local hosts file before sending question</,//0x0h0)40UlKd.40UlKd$40UlKd 40UlKd=40UlKd(111 $*8@ p,0%t} ,0H./04x$xa(  (t} 8 (   (@7 8D   (mE  8t;D$Ĥ0  42dd3 w5//0011  8.04x$xw&UGGGى  (@ p 8  U   (@@  8:#}$#0z]V %5Local vs. fully qualified</,//(Q0X0H040dd(111 c   (@  8:W$0z-V S5Resolver determines order of attempts Uses number of dots to determine action Some resolvers allow number to be configurable local (append domain) Some resolvers allow multiple domain search lists fully qualified (as is) Trailing dot interpreted as fully qualified only Some have special actions e.g. Netscape Browsers www..com//&/0(/0//0/02/0/03/0/0(/000&40UlKd(40dd/40UKd40dd240UKd40dd340UKd40UlKd(40dd(11S1 $*5@ p,0%t} ,0H./04x$xa(  (t} 8 (   (@7 8D   (mE  8t;D$Ĥ0  42dd3 w5//0011  8.04x$xw&UGGGى  (@ p 8 ./ U   (@@  8:#}$#0z]V %5local vs. fully qualified</,//(Q0X0H040dd(111 2 ( 8:r$0: 55Name asked for</,//0X0H040dd(111 5 (  8:u$09 5Resolver Looks up</,//0X0H040dd(111 * ( 8:j$02=5krypto</,//0X0H040dd(111  (  8:$01 o51) krypto.foo.com 2) krypto</,//00040dd 40dd(111 W ( 8:$02={?5krypto.h/X//0/0X0H040dd(111 - (  8:m$01 { 51) krypto</,/ /0X0H0 40dd(11 1 2 ( 8:r$02=[5krypto.foo.com</,//0X0H040dd(111  (  8:$01 [+51) krypto.foo.com 2) krypto.foo.com.foo.com</,/+/00040dd40dd(11+1 1 ( 8:q$0 5Assumed local</,/ /0X0H0 40dd(11 1 B ( 8:$0{*5Trailing dot = fully qualified</,//0X0H040dd(111 H ( 8:$0[0$5# dots >= 1, assumed fully qualified</,/$/0X0H0$40dd(11$1 B (p 8:$0K*5Trailing dot = fully qualified</,//0X0H040dd(111 _ (p 8:$03>KG5krypto.foo.com.h/X//0/0X0H040dd(111 5 ( p 8:u$02 K51) krypto.foo.com</,//0X0H040dd(111 2 (`P 8:r$0;6#5Name asked for</,//0X0H040dd(111 5 (` P 8:u$0: #5Netscape Resolver</,//0X0H040dd(111 * (P  8:j$03u>5krypto</,//0X0H040dd(111  (P  8Q:!$02u -51) krypto.foo.com 2) krypto 3) www.krypto.com</,/-/00040dd 40dd40dd(11-1 1 (P  8:q$0u 5Assumed local</,/ /0X0H0 40dd(11 1 /@ p,0%t} ,0H./04x$xa(  (t} 8 (   (@7 8D   (mE  8t;D$Ĥ0  42dd3 w5//0011  8.04x$xw&UGGGى  (@ p 8 ( W   (@@  8:#$#0z]V '5Resolving with Search Lists</,//(Q0X0H040dd(111 2 (0  8:r$0:]5Name asked for</,//0X0H040dd(111 5 (0  8:u$0] 5Resolver Looks up</,//0X0H040dd(111 ) (  8:i$02E5cozmo</,//0X0H040dd(111  (  8  ( 8  ( ` 8.:$0=&&51) cozmo.foo.com 3) cozmo.test.foo.comh/X//0/00040dd40dd(11&1  (`   8%:$0= 52) cozmo.hub.foo.com 4) cozmoh/X//0/00040dd40dd(111 - (! 8:m$03% 5cozmo.hub</,/ /0X0H0 40dd(11 1  (  8  (a 8:U$0'%51) cozmo.hub 3) cozmo.hub.hub.foo.com// /0/0/0/000 40dd40dd(11%1  (a  86:$0 .52) cozmo.hub.foo.com 4) cozmo.hub.test.foo.comh/X//0/00040dd40dd(11.1 ; (P 8:{$0F#5Host: cozmo.hub.foo.com</,//0X0H040dd(111 Z (  8:$0 B65Search List: foo.com hub.foo.com test.foo.com</,/6/0X0H0640dd(1161 N (p ` 8:$0+ C6*5With the number of dots configured to be 2</,/*/0X0H0*40dd(11*1 - (" 8:m$04{ 5cozmo.hub</,/ /0X0H0 40dd(11 1  (  8  (b 8:^$0(.51) cozmo.hub.foo.com 3) cozmo.hub.test.foo.com///0/0/0/00040dd40dd(11.1  (b  8Y:)$0 %52) cozmo.hub.hub.foo.com 4) cozmo.hub///0/0 /00040dd 40dd(11%1i @ p,0% t} ,0H./04x$xa(  (t} 8 (   (@7 8D    (mE  8t;D$Ĥ0  42dd3 w5//0011  8.04x$xw&UGGGى  (@ p 8  S   (@@  8:#{$#0z]V #5Two types of delegation</,//(Q0X0H040dd(111 R   (@  8v:F$0z~5Non-Recursive Query server gives hint if no answer client asks other servers based on hints working down name hierarchy generally only nameservers work as non-recursive resolvers///0/0/000 040UlKd40ddE40dd:40dd(111 $* 4   (  8X:($0RV 5Recursive Query client asks server to find answer most resolvers can only do recursive queries most servers working as clients wont use recursion///0/0/000 040UlKd$40dd-40dd340dd(111 $*] @ p,0% t} ,0H./04x$xa(  (t} 8 (   (@7 8D    (mE  8t;D$Ĥ0  42dd3 w5//0011  8.04x$xw&UGGGى  (@ p 8 ,W Q   (@@  8:#y$#0z]V !5Non-Recursive Queries</,//(Q0X0H040dd(111  (0P 8 $*  ^ (z=# 8:%0j$@0z=#5Client</,//0X0H040dd(111 $*   (P` 8 $*   (=3 8:%0$@0=3h5Non-Recursive Server</,//00040dd40dd(111 $*   app  8 $*  j (`~ 8:v$0a5www.eng.foo.com?</,//0X0H040dd(111 $*  (@ 8 $* Y (A_ 8:%0e$@0A_ 51</,//0X0H040dd(111 $*  a  8 $*  i (` 8:u$0+5Ask root server</,//0X0H040dd(111 $*  (0` 8 $* Y (l 8:%0e$@0l 52</,//0X0H040dd(111 $*  (P 8 $*  ( 8:%0$@0_ 5Root Server</,/ /00040dd40dd(11 1 $*  a  8 $*  j (`. 8:v$0K5www.eng.foo.com?</,//0X0H040dd(111 $*  ( 8 $* Y (A,_t 8:%0e$@0A,_t 53</,//0X0H040dd(111 $*  pap  8 $*  i (`~> 8:u$0!5Ask .com server</,//0X0H040dd(111 $*  (`` 8 $* Y ($ 8:%0e$@0$ 54</,//0X0H040dd(111 $*  (P@ 8 $*   ( 8:%0$@0_ 5.com Server</,/ /00040dd40dd(11 1 $*   aPP  8 $*  j (`^ 8:v$0A5www.eng.foo.com?</,//0X0H040dd(111 $*  (`  8 $* Y (A_ 8:%0e$@0A_ 55</,//0X0H040dd(111 $*  a  8 $*  o (` 8:{$0 #5Ask ns.foo.com server</,//0X0H040dd(111 $*  (` 8 $* Y (L 8:%0e$@0L 56</,//0X0H040dd(111 $*  (P` 8 $*   ( 8:%0$@0e5ns.foo.com Server</,//000 40dd40dd(111 $*   a  8 $*  j (` 8:v$0+5www.eng.foo.com?</,//0X0H040dd(111 $*  ( 8 $* Y (A _T 8:%0e$@0A _T 57</,//0X0H040dd(111 $*  PaP  8 $*  s (`^ 8:$0{'5Ask ns.eng.foo.com server</,//0X0H040dd(111 $*  (`@ 8 $* Y ( 8:%0e$@0 58</,//0X0H040dd(111 $*  (P  8 $*   ( 8:%0$@0i5ns.eng.foo.com Server</,//00040dd40dd(111 $*   a00  8 $*  j (`~> 8:v$0!5www.eng.foo.com?</,//0X0H040dd(111 $*  (@ 8 $*! Y (A|_ 8:%0e$@0A|_ 59</,//0X0H040dd(111 $*!  a  8 $* " p (` 8:|$0q$5Yea Thats 10.0.0.123</,//0X0H040dd(111 $*#  (` 8 $*$ Z (,t 8:%0f$@0,t510</,//0X0H040dd(111 $*$]@ p,0%t} ,0H./04x$xa(  (t} 8 (   (@7 8D   (mE  8t:D$Ĥ0  42dd3 w5//0011  8.04x$xw&UGGGى  (@ p 8 0W M   (@@  8:#u$#0z]V 5Recursive Queries</,//(Q0X0H040dd(111  (  8 $*       !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~ ^ (v 8:%0j$@0v5Client</,//0X0H040dd(111 $*   ( 8 $*   ( F 8:%0$@0 Fd5Recursive Server</,//000 40dd40dd(111 $*   P  8 $*  j (> 8:v$0[5www.eng.foo.com?</,//0X0H040dd(111 $*  (pP 8 $* Y ( 8:%0e$@0 51</,//0X0H040dd(111 $*  (` 8 $*   (:=v3 8:%0$@0:=v3_ 5Root Server</,/ /00040dd40dd(11 1 $*   P0P  8 $*  j ( 8:v$0f5www.eng.foo.com?</,//0X0H040dd(111 $*  (0@ 8 $* Y ( 8:%0e$@0 52</,//0X0H040dd(111 $*  ( p 8 $*  (j 8:%0$@0j_ 5.com Server</,/ /00040dd40dd(11 1 $*    8 $*  j (~> 8:v$0 !5www.eng.foo.com?</,//0X0H040dd(111 $*  (a! 8 $* Y (a 8:%0e$@0a 53</,//0X0H040dd(111 $*  (p` 8 $*   (Z=&3 8:%0$@0Z=&3e5ns.foo.com Server</,//000 40dd40dd(111 $*   !  8 $*  j (  8:v$0V 5www.eng.foo.com?</,//0X0H040dd(111 $*  (A` 8 $* Y (} 8:%0e$@0} 54</,//0X0H040dd(111 $*  (  8 $*   (TV 8:%0$@0TVi5ns.eng.foo.com Server</,//00040dd40dd(111 $*   `  8 $*  j (0.  8:v$0jK5www.eng.foo.com?</,//0X0H040dd(111 $*  (!p 8 $* Y (] 8:%0e$@0] 55</,//0X0H040dd(111 $*  0  8 $*  p (p~> 8:|$0!$5Yea Thats 10.0.0.123</,//0X0H040dd(111 $*  (0p 8 $* Y (4 8:%0e$@04 56</,//0X0H040dd(111 $*  Qa  8 $*  p (0~ 8:|$0a$5Yea Thats 10.0.0.123</,//0X0H040dd(111 $*  ( 8 $* Y (a,t 8:%0e$@0a,t 57</,//0X0H040dd(111 $*  a  8 $*  p (P 8:|$0$5Yea Thats 10.0.0.123</,//0X0H040dd(111 $*  (@@ 8 $* Y ( 8:%0e$@0 58</,//0X0H040dd(111 $*  `  8 $*  p (Na 8:|$0k'$5Yea Thats 10.0.0.123</,//0X0H040dd(111 $*  (@ 8 $*! Y (1O 8:%0e$@01O 59</,//0X0H040dd(111 $*!  P`  8 $* " p (0~ 8:|$0jwa$5Yea Thats 10.0.0.123</,//0X0H040dd(111 $*#  (  8 $*$ Z (\/ 8:%0f$@0\/510</,//0X0H040dd(111 $*$N@ p,0%t} ,0H./04x$xa(  (t} 8 (   (@7 8D   (mE  8t;D$Ĥ0  42dd3 w5//0011  8.04x$xw&UGGGى  (@ p 8 7H M   (@@  8:#u$#0z]V 5With some Realism</,//(Q0X0H040dd(111  (` 8 $*  ` ( 8:%0l$@05resolver</,//0X0H040dd(111 $*   (@ 8 $*   (Zm 8:%0$@0Zmb5Default Server</,//00040dd40dd(111 $*     8 $*   ( F 8:$0Zv)|(5www.eng.foo.com? (Recursion Desired)</,/(/00040dd40dd(11(1 $*  ( 8 $* Y (ad 8:%0e$@0ad 51</,//0X0H040dd(111 $*  (@  8 $*  B (m  8~:%0N$@0m 5Root & .com Server</,//000 040dd40dd40dd40dd(111 $*   A   8 $*  j (@  8:v$0z+5www.eng.foo.com?</,//0X0H040dd(111 $*  (@ 8 $* Y ( T 8:%0e$@0 T 52</,//0X0H040dd(111 $*   PAP  8 $*  o (@^  8:{$0z{#5Ask ns.foo.com server</,//0X0H040dd(111 $*  (` @ 8 $* Y ( 8:%0e$@0 53</,//0X0H040dd(111 $*  (  p 8 $*  (M C 8:%0$@0M Ce5ns.foo.com Server</,//000 40dd40dd(111 $*  A   8 $*  j (@  8:v$0zq5www.eng.foo.com?</,//0X0H040dd(111 $*  (@P 8 $* Y ( 8:%0e$@0 54</,//0X0H040dd(111 $*   A  8 $*  s (@  8:$0z;'5Ask ns.eng.foo.com server</,//0X0H040dd(111 $*  (`@  8 $* Y (| 8:%0e$@0| 55</,//0X0H040dd(111 $*  (  8 $*   (  8:%0$@0 i5ns.eng.foo.com Server</,//00040dd40dd(111 $*   A   8 $*  j (@>  8:v$0z[5www.eng.foo.com?</,//0X0H040dd(111 $*  (@ 8 $* Y (< 8:%0e$@0< 56</,//0X0H040dd(111 $*   A  8 $*  p (@ N 8:|$0z1$5Yea Thats 10.0.0.123</,//0X0H040dd(111 $*  (` p 8 $* Y (4 8:%0e$@04 57</,//0X0H040dd(111 $*    8 $*   (~ 8 :$0*05Yea Thats 10.0.0.123 (Recursion Available)</,/0/00040dd40dd(1101 $*  ( 8 $* Y (a,t 8:%0e$@0a,t 58</,//0X0H040dd(111 $*@ p,0%t} ,0H./04x$xa(  (t} 8 (   (@7 8D   (mE  8t;D$Ĥ0  42dd3 w5//0011  8.04x$xw&UGGGى  (@ p 8 $ C   (@@  8:#k$#0z]V 5Caching</,//(Q0X0H040dd(111 ]   (@@  8:Q$0z]~15Advantages Cuts down traffic speeds up resolutionh/X/ /0&/000 40UlKd40dd40dd(1111 $* ^   (@  8:R$0R]V 25Disadvantages Memory requirements Delay in updatesh/X//0$/00040UlKd40dd40dd(1121 $*  (@@  8V:&$0z]V c5Saving answers to use in future queries Most servers cache answers Most resolvers do not cache answers caching based on Time To Live (TTL)//x/0/0/0/0/0/0/0/0/000 0(40UlKd40UlKd$40UlKd#40UlKd(111T@ p,0%t} ,0H./04x$xa(  (t} 8 (   (@7 8D   (mE  8t;D$Ĥ0  42dd3 w5//0011  8.04x$xw&UGGGى  (@ p 8 M P   (@@  8:#x$#0z]V  5Example with Caching</,//(Q0X0H040dd(111 Q (q_ F 8:$0|F )9-5Default Server has foo.com information cached</,/-/0X0H0-40dd(11-1  (P@ 8 :$0m42dd3w 5Default Server Cache ///0/0/00040dd40dd40dd40dd40dd40dd40dd40dd40dd40dd40dd40dd40dd40dd(11 1 $*  b ( 8:n$0 5foo.com NS</,/ /0X0H0 40dd(11 1 $* f (~ 8:r$0a5eng.foo.com NS</,//0X0H040dd(111 $* g (~> 8:s$0!5www.eng.foo.com</,//0X0H040dd(111 $*    8 $*  l (  8:x$0Zv 5cozmo.hub.foo.com?</,//0X0H040dd(111 $*  ( 8 $* Y (ad 8:%0e$@0ad 51</,//0X0H040dd(111 $* B (@  8~:N$0m 5Root & .com Server</,//000 040dd40dd40dd40dd(111 $*  b ( 8:n$0 5foo.com NS</,/ /30X0H0 40dd(11 1 $*  (  p 8 $*   (M C 8:%0$@0M Ce5ns.foo.com Server</,//000 40dd40dd(111 $*   aP  8 $*  l (`P^ 8:x$0A 5cozmo.hub.foo.com?</,//0X0H040dd(111 $*  (` P 8 $* Y ( 8:%0e$@0 52</,//0X0H040dd(111 $*  Pa  8 $*  l (`P 8:x$0; 5Ask ns.hub.foo.com</,//0X0H040dd(111 $*  (@P 8 $* Y (| 8:%0e$@0| 53</,//0X0H040dd(111 $* f (> 8:r$0[5hub.foo.com NS</,//0X0H040dd(111 $*   (  8 $*   (  8:%0$@0 i5ns.hub.foo.com Server</,//00040dd40dd(111 $*   aP  8 $*  l (`P 8:x$0+ 5cozmo.hub.foo.com?</,//0X0H040dd(111 $*  (`  8 $* Y (< 8:%0e$@0< 54</,//0X0H040dd(111 $*  Pa  8 $*  o (`PN 8:{$01#5Yea Thats 10.0.4.13</,//0X0H040dd(111 $*  (Pp 8 $* Y (4 8:%0e$@04 55</,//0X0H040dd(111 $* i (P 8:u$05cozmo.hub.foo.com</,//0X0H040dd(111 $*     8 $*  o (N 8:{$0k#5Yea Thats 10.0.4.13</,//0X0H040dd(111 $*  ( 8 $* Y (a,t 8:%0e$@0a,t 56</,//0X0H040dd(111 $* ` (` 8:l$05resolver</,//0X0H040dd(111 $* `'@ p,0%'t} ,0H./04x$xa(  (t} 8 (   (@7 8D'   (mE  8t;D$Ĥ0  42dd3 w5//0011  8.04x$xw&UGGGى  (@ p 8  K   (@@  8:#s$#0z]V 5Primary Servers</,//(Q0X0H040dd(111    (@  8:$0z-V e5Actually Server primary for a zone Primary Servers can also be Secondary servers Generally Caching servers as well Only one Primary server per zone rest must be secondary Primary maintains the database file Authoritative source for records in zone//%/0P/0!/0;/0(/000%40UlKd.40dd"40dd!40UlKd40dd$40dd(40UlKd(111#(@ p,0%(t} ,0H./04x$xa(  (t} 8 (   (@7 8D(   (mE  8t;D$Ĥ0  42dd3 w5//0011  8.04x$xw&UGGGى  (@ p 8  M   (@@  8:#u$#0z]V 5Secondary Servers</,//(Q0X0H040dd(111 V   (@  8:~$0z-V &r5Actually Server with Secondary Zones Can be Primary for other zones Generally are Caching Servers as well Knows primary and/or other secondaries Uses that information to download zone data can fail over to other authoritative servers if updates cant be obtained from primary Only maintains a backup copy of the zone Will loose authority if updates cant be obtained//'/0E/0'/0/0\/0P0@0'40UlKd40dd&40dd'40UlKd,40ddW40dd+40UlKd140UlKd(11r1/!@ p,0%!t} ,0H./04x$xa(  (t} 8 (   (@7 8D!   (mE  8t;D$Ĥ0  42dd3 w5//0011  8.04x$xw&UGGGى  (@ p 8  I   (@@  8:#q$#0z]V  5Zone Transfer</,/ /(Q0X0H0 40dd(11 1 f   (@  8:$0z-V 6:5How Secondary servers download zone info Secondary requests transfer Done by invoking an xfer process Requests SOA record first to see if xfer needed Often limits the number of simultaneous transfers Can be requested other ways Nslookups ls command other show zone-style commands Actually an AXFR record query//E/0/0/09/0/000)40UlKd40UlKd!40dd040dd240dd40UlKd40dd!40dd40UlKd(11:1*"@ p,0%"t} ,0H./04x$xa(  (t} 8 (   (@7 8D"   (mE  8t;D$Ĥ0  42dd3 w5//0011  8.04x$xw&UGGGى  (@ p 8 =$  (P 8f  (P 8 H   (@@  8:#p$#0z]V  5Basic setup </,/ /(Q0X0H0 40dd(11 1  (p 8:$0f5Internal Secondary</,//000 40dd 40dd(111 $*   (Pp 8:$0fg5Zone Primary Server</,//000 40dd40dd(111 $*   (p  8:$0f5Internal Secondary</,//000 40dd 40dd(111 $*  h ( 8:t$0;5The Great Beyond</,//0X0H040dd(111 $*   !  8 $*   !`!  8 $*   p`Q!  8 $*  J (~ 8:$0as5Zone Transfers</,//0X0H040dd(111 J (#O 8:$0@25Zone Transfers</,//0X0H040dd(111  @Q@@  8 $*   !  8 $*   pQp@  8 $*   !  8 $*   Q@  8 $*   @`  8 $*  P  8 $*  `  8 $*  0Q!  8 $*  !  8 $*  A!n   8 $*    8 $*    8 $*  a   8 $*  !  8 $*    Q @  8 $*  ( ( ` 8:h$0*=fCt5Secondary servers transfer off of primary Secondaries & primary query network Queries from network come into primary</,/t/000*40UlKd$40UlKd&40UlKd(11t1*&@ p,0%&t} ,0H./04x$xa(  (t} 8 (   (@7 8D&   (mE  8t;D$Ĥ0  42dd3 w5//0011  8.04x$xw&UGGGى  (@ p 8  U   (@@  8:#}$#0z]V %5Forwarders and Forwarding</,//(Q0X0H040dd(111 U   (@  8:}$0z-V %5Forwarding servers forward unknown questions. Most servers forward to root servers Some servers can be configured with a list of forwarders. Use of Forwarders centralized caching servers behind firewalls Internal root servers//0/0a/0/0B/000040UlKd'40dd:40dd40UlKd40dd40dd40dd(111%@ p,0%%t} ,0H./04x$xa(  (t} 8 (   (@7 8D%   (mE  8t;D$Ĥ0  42dd3 w5//0011  8.04x$xw&UGGGى  (@ p 8 { O   (@@  8:#w$#0z]V 5Centralized Caching</,//(Q0X0H040dd(111  p!!  8 $*  p!  8 $*  p!  8 $*  (pp 8 $*   (-&S 8:%0$@0-&Se5Forwarding Server</,//000 40dd40dd(111 $*   ( 8 $*  x (Z= 8:%0$@0Z=,42dd3w$5Forwarder Server Cache ///0/0 /000 40dd40dd40dd40dd40dd40dd40dd40dd40dd40dd40dd40dd40dd40dd40dd40dd(11$1 $*   ``  8 $*  h (~> 8:t$0!5cozmo.foo.com?</,//0X0H040dd(111 $*  (p0 8 $* Y (!? 8:%0e$@0!? 51</,//0X0H040dd(111 $*  (@  8 $*  (=  8:%0$@0= a 5Root Servers</,/ /00040dd40dd(11 1 $*  1  8 $*  h (pn 8:t$06Q5cozmo.foo.com?</,//0X0H040dd(111 $*  (0` 8 $* Y ($ 8:%0e$@0$ 52</,//0X0H040dd(111 $*   1  8 $*  b (. 8:n$0KV 5[Referral]</,/ /0X0H0 40dd(11 1 $*  ( P 8 $* Y (q 8:%0e$@0q 53</,//0X0H040dd(111 $* b ( 8:n$0T 5foo.com NS</,/ /0X0H0 40dd(11 1 $*   (A  8 $*   (  8:%0$@0 b5Domain Servers</,//00040dd40dd(111 $*   1  8 $*  h (p^ 8:t$06A5cozmo.foo.com?</,//0X0H040dd(111 $*  (0P 8 $* Y ( 8:%0e$@0 54</,//0X0H040dd(111 $*  1  8 $*  ` ( 8:l$0;V5[Answer]</,//0X0H040dd(111 $*  ( @ 8 $* Y (q| 8:%0e$@0q| 55</,//0X0H040dd(111 $* e (N 8:q$0k 5cozmo.foo.com</,/ /0X0H0 40dd(11 1 $*     8 $*  ` (. 8:l$0K5[Answer]</,//0X0H040dd(111 $*  (P 8 $* Y (A_ 8:%0e$@0A_ 56</,//0X0H040dd(111 $*  p !  8 $*  p!  8 $*  p!  8 $*  (pp 8 $*   (& 8:%0$@0&e5Forwarding Server</,//000 40dd40dd(111 $*     8 $*  h ( 8:t$0+5meatz.foo.com?</,//0X0H040dd(111 $*! b ( 8:n$0T 5foo.com NS</,/ /30X0H0 40dd(11 1 $*"  ( 8 $*# Y (!<? 8:%0e$@0!<? 57</,//0X0H040dd(111 $*#  1  8 $* $ h (p^ 8:t$06A5meatz.foo.com?</,//0X0H040dd(111 $*%  (0P 8 $*& Y ( 8:%0e$@0 59</,//0X0H040dd(111 $*&  1  8 $* ' ` ( 8:l$0;V5[Answer]</,//0X0H040dd(111 $*(  ( @ 8 $*) Z (q| 8:%0f$@0q|510</,//0X0H040dd(111 $*) e (^ 8:q$0A 5meatz.foo.com</,/ /0X0H0 40dd(11 1 $* *    8 $* + ` (~ 8:l$0a5[Answer]</,//0X0H040dd(111 $*,  ( 8 $*- Z (A_d 8:%0f$@0A_d511</,//0X0H040dd(111 $*-  p!!  8 $*.  p!  8 $*/  pA!0  8 $*0  (p p 8 $* 1  (M&s 8:%0$@0M&se5Forwarding Server</,//000 40dd40dd(111 $* 1    8 $* 2 h (^ 8:t$0A5cozmo.foo.com?</,//0X0H040dd(111 $*3 e (N 8:q$0k 5cozmo.foo.com</,/ /30X0H0 40dd(11 1 $*4  (P 8 $*5 Z (!? 8:%0f$@0!?512</,//0X0H040dd(111 $*5  @@  8 $* 6 ` (N 8:l$0k5[Answer]</,//0X0H040dd(111 $*7  (p0 8 $*8 Z (A_ 8:%0f$@0A_513</,//0X0H040dd(111 $*8A()@ p,0%)t} ,0H./04x$xa(  (t} 8 (   (@7 8D)   (mE  8t;D$Ĥ0  42dd3 w5//0011  8.04x$xw&UGGGى  (@ p 8 ! L   (@@  8:#t$#0z]V 5Forwarding Setup</,//(Q0X0H040dd(11      !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~1  (p0 8:$0f5Internal Secondary</,//000 40dd 40dd(111 $*   (Pp 8:$0fg5Zone Primary Server</,//000 40dd40dd(111 $*   (`  8:$0J f5Internal Secondary</,//000 40dd 40dd(111 $*   (P 8̙ h ( 8:t$0;5The Great Beyond</,//0X0H040dd(111 $*   (P 8  !  8 $*   @Q@@  8 $*    Q @  8 $*   p  8 $*   `Q  8 $*    8 $*    8 $*  0!  8 $*  1!  8 $*  !   8 $*    8 $*    8 $*  a   8 $*  !  8 $*    Q @  8 $*   (` 8p:@$0&c5Secondary servers transfer off of primary Secondaries forward to primary Primary queries network Queries from network come into primary Secondaries query network if primary doesnt respond</,//0x0h0*40UlKd40UlKd40UlKd'40UlKd440UlKd(111  P!a  8 $*   Qa`  8 $*   Q  8 $*   !  8 $*    !   8 $*   Q@  8 $* F%*@ p,0%*t} ,0H./04x$xa(  (t} 8 (   (@7 8D*   (mE  8t;D$Ĥ0  42dd3 w5//0011  8.04x$xw&UGGGى  (@ p 8   (P 8   (P 8  N   (@@  8:#v$#0z]V 5Forward Only Setup</,//(Q0X0H040dd(111  (p0 8:$0f5Internal Secondary</,//000 40dd 40dd(111 $*   (Pp 8:$0fg5Zone Primary Server</,//000 40dd40dd(111 $*  h ( 8:t$0;5The Great Beyond</,//0X0H040dd(111 $*   !  8 $*   @Q@@  8 $*   `Q  8 $*    8 $*    8 $*    8 $*    8 $*  a   8 $*  !  8 $*    Q @  8 $*   (  8k:;$0Zf5Secondary servers transfer off of primary Secondaries forward to primary All queries go through primary Queries from network come into primary Secondaries never query through firewall</,//0x0h0*40UlKd40UlKd40UlKd'40UlKd(40UlKd(111  P!a  8 $*   Qa`  8 $*   !  8 $*   Q  8 $*   (`  8:$0J f5Internal Secondary</,//000 40dd 40dd(111 $*   0!  8 $*  1!  8 $*  !   8 $*<+@ p,0%+t} ,0H./04x$xa(  (t} 8 (   (@7 8D+   (mE  8t;D$Ĥ0  42dd3 w5//0011  8.04x$xw&UGGGى  (@ p 8  J   (@@  8:#r$#0z]V 5Allow-transfer</,//(Q0X0H040dd(111 r   (@  8:$0z-V BJ5Security option in many servers Introduced in BIND version 4.9.3 as xfrnets. helps prevent unauthorized zone transfers Allows Domain Administrator to restrict zone transfer access Zone transfer requests only honored from IP addresses or networks on list. BIND 8 versions allow restrictions on per zone basis as well as per server.// /0W/0=/0/000 40UlKd-40dd*40dd=40UlKdK40ddK40dd(11J1G,@ p,0%,t} ,0H./04x$xa(  (t} 8 (   (@7 8D,   (mE  8t;D$Ĥ0  42dd3 w5//0011  8.04x$xw&UGGGى  (@ p 8  I   (@@  8:#q$#0z]V  5bogus servers</,/ /(Q0X0H0 40dd(11 1 ~ (@  8:$0z-V fn5Security option in many servers Introduced in BIND version 4.9.3 Helps to filter rogue and problematic nameservers Nameserver wont ask questions of servers configured to be bogus If bogus server is only server for zone, zone will be unresolvable. E.g. if 10.1.2.3 is the only ns for foo.com, and 10.1.2.3 is flagged as bogus, foo.com addresses will be unresolvable.// /0S/0/0v/000 40UlKd!40dd240ddA40UlKdD40UlKdv40dd(11n1c-@ p,0%-t} ,0H./04x$xa(  (t} 8 (   (@7 8D-   (mE  8t;D$Ĥ0  42dd3 w5//0011  8.04x$xw&UGGGى  (@ p 8  G   (@@  8:#o$#0z]V  5SOA Records</,/ /(Q0X0H0 40dd(11 1 J ( 8:$0v25@ IN SOA cozmo.foo.com. wheelhog.cozmo.foo.com. ( 1997110401 ; Serial [Nov 4th 1997] 3600 ; Refresh [once every hour] 600 ; Retry [every 10 minutes] 43200 ; Expire [after 12 hours] 86400 ) ; Minimum [TTL of 1 day]</,//000?40dFG40dFP40dFP40dFM40dFK40dF(111 " (@ 8:b$0z~c 5Serial number Version number of zone Refresh Time elapsed for a secondary to wait before checking for a serial number change Retry Time How long to wait before retrying a failed transfer///0/0 /0K/0 /02/00040UlKd40dd 40UlKdK40dd 40UlKd240dd(111  (h  8:P$0*. c5Expire Time How long to go without a refresh before secondary stops answering authoritatively for zone. Minimum default TTL for zones records.// /0^/0/0/000 0 40UlKd^40dd40UlKd40dd(1116@ p,0%6t} ,0H./04x$xa(  (t} 8 (   (@7 8D6   (mE  8t;D$Ĥ0  42dd3 w5//0011  8.04x$xw&UGGGى  (@ p 8 x U   (@@  8:#}$#0z]V %5Refresh, Retry and Expire</,//(Q0X0H040dd(111 z A0  8 z @q@  8 z pp  8 z   8 z `1`  8 z @1@  8 % (  8:e$0TP\ 51</,//0X0H040dd(111 % ( P 8:e$0P  52</,//0X0H040dd(111 z   8 z @@  8 z pp  8 % (00 8:e$0t| 54</,//0X0H040dd(111 % (  8:e$0TP\ 53</,//0X0H040dd(111 ( (&z 8:h$0` @53600</,//0X0H040dd(111 ( (v 8:h$0 57200</,//0X0H040dd(111 ( ( 8:h$0 57800</,//0X0H040dd(111 z PP  8 % ( 8:e$04 <P 54</,//0X0H040dd(111 % (0 8:e$0T\ 54</,//0X0H040dd(111 z ``  8Q z  `  8Q z `a  8Q z `P  8Q z  P  8Q z Pa  8Q z !@  8 ) (v ~ 8:i$0a546800</,//0X0H040dd(111 z @q@  8 z 00  8 % ( 8:e$0D LP 54</,//0X0H040dd(111 z 1  8 % (@0 8:e$0 54</,//0X0H040dd(111 z P1P  8 % (0 8:e$04< 54</,//0X0H040dd(111 z @@  8 % ( p 8:e$0$P, 55</,//0X0H040dd(111 ( ( 8:h$0 59000</,//0X0H040dd(111 ) (F 8:i$0 545000</,//0X0H040dd(111  (@ 8 ( (0 8:h$0Bk5Time</,//0X0H040dd(111 0 (0 8:p$0r>k 5Action Taken</,/ /0X0H0 40dd(11 1 % (@P 8:e$0+ 51</,//0X0H040dd(111 3 (0P 8:s$0B+5 0 (00:00)</,//0X0H040dd(111 = (0P 8:}$0r>+%5Original Transfer of Zone</,//0X0H040dd(111 % (@P 8:e$0u 52</,//0X0H040dd(111 2 (P0 8:r$0Bu5 3600 (01:00)</,//0X0H040dd(111 E (0P 8:$0ru>-!5Start of Authority record checked</,/!/0X0H0!40dd(11!1 % (@ 8:e$05 53</,//0X0H040dd(111 2 (0 8:r$0B55 7200 (02:00)</,//0X0H040dd(111 E (0 8:$0r5>-!5Start of Authority record checked</,/!/0X0H0!40dd(11!1 % (@P 8:e$0u 54</,//0X0H040dd(111 2 (P0 8:r$0Bu5 7800 (02:10)</,//0X0H040dd(111 : (0P 8:z$0ru>"5Retry to Transfer Zone</,//0X0H040dd(111 1 (0 8:q$0B5 5every 10 mins</,/ /0X0H0 40dd(11 1 : (0 8:z$0r5>"5Retry to Transfer Zone</,//0X0H040dd(111 % (@ 8:e$0k 56</,//0X0H040dd(111 1 (0 8:q$0Bk 546800 (13:00)</,/ /0X0H0 40dd(11 1 Q (0 8:$0r>k9-5Zone Expired - Server no longer authoritative</,/-/0X0H0-40dd(11-1 % (@P 8:e$0+ 53</,//0X0H040dd(111 2 (0P 8:r$0B+5 7200 (02:00)</,//0X0H040dd(111 < (0P 8:|$0r>+$5Attempt Transfer of Zone</,//0X0H040dd(111 * (@ 8:j$0k5Status</,//0X0H040dd(111 . (@P 8:n$0+ 5Successful</,/ /0X0H0 40dd(11 1 4 (P@ 8:t$0u5No serial change</,//0X0H040dd(111 1 (@ 8:q$05 5Serial Change</,/ /0X0H0 40dd(11 1 + (P@ 8:k$0u5Failure</,//0X0H040dd(111 + (@ 8:k$055Failure</,//0X0H040dd(111  (@ 8 + (@P 8:k$0+5Failure</,//0X0H040dd(111 5 (0 8:u$0r>k5Here a Tree falls</,//0X0H040dd(111 % (~ 8:e$0@xa 50</,//0X0H040dd(111/@ p,0%/t} ,0H./04x$xa(  (t} 8 (   (@7 8D/   (mE  8t;D$Ĥ0  42dd3 w5//0011  8.04x$xw&UGGGى EF (@ p 8 %  M   (@@  8:#u$#0z]V 5Adjusting Minimum</,//(Q0X0H040dd(111  (@  8X:($0z-F |5Minimum is the default TTL for the data in the zone file The TTL is the maximum time a remote nameserver will cache a record</,/|/ 000940UlKdC40UlKd(11|1 J (`  8:#$#0J& s2&5Planning changes? Lower your Minimum!</,/&/ 0X0H0&40dd(11&1 f (P  8:#$#0 NB5Caching servers will come back more frequently looking for updates</,/B/0X0H0B40dd(11B14@ p,0%t} ,0H./04x$xa(  (t} 8 U   (@7 8D I  (mE  8;q$Ĥ0  55If expire time is 1000 and you take a history of all the different serial numbers youve used. over any 1000 second period, there is no2 serial numbers greater than 127 apart. Time 0 X transfers Serial 00, Time 1000 X sees Serial 250. Doesnt transfer. 250-100 = 150 > 127 (100+256-250 = 106 == closer)</,/5/ 000 040dd40ddQ40dd240dd(1151  8.04x$xw&UGGGى  (@ p 8 K, J   (@@  8:#r$#0z]V 5Sequence Space</,//(Q0X0H040dd(111  (0  8 & ( 8:f$0`563</,//0X0H040dd(111 ' (N 8:g$015127</,//0X0H040dd(111 ' (" 8:g$0@5191</,//0X0H040dd(111  ( 8:$0%^<5Finite Number Space for an infinite number of modifications</,/</00040dd 40dd(11<1 + ( 8:k$05^5Problem</,//0X0H040dd(111  (  8*:$0%> N5Set up a wrapping sequence space so there will always be a value 1 more than X</,/N/000$40dd*40dd(11N1  (` 8 :$0^;-5But then 255 + 1 = 0, which is less than 255?</,/-/00040dd40dd(11-1 = ( ` 8:}$0> ;%5Sequence Space Arithmetic</,//0X0H040dd(111 , (  8:l$05> 5Solution</,//0X0H040dd(111  (` P 8  (`  8':$0}F 5Defines a number that can be added to any number in the sequence and be greater. Time is a sequence space (11 is later than 9, but earlier than 1) Make sure the difference between 2 serial numbers seen in expire time is less than largest meaningful integer.</,//000Q40UlKdB40UlKdp40UlKd(111 % (.n. 8:e$0h 50</,//0X0H040dd(111  ( 8T:$$0J 5X + [1..127] is greater than X.///0/0/00040dd40dd(11 1 z !1  8  `P`p z  8p  b>B @ z  8@  V 9 @ z  8@ z Q  8 z q  8 H (|n 8:$0CP 5Greater Than</,/ /0X0H0 40dd(11 1 % (V^ 8:e$0A 5X</,//0X0H040dd(111 E (~(> 8:$0 ! 5Less Than</,/ /0X0H0 40dd(11 1@ p,0%t} ,0H./04x$xa(  (t} 8 (   (@7 8D   (mE  8t:D$Ĥ0  42dd3 w5//0011  8.04x$xw&UGGGى  (@ p 8 1 X   (@@  8:#$#0z]V (5Mailing Lists and Newsgroups</,//(Q0X0H040dd(111    (@  8:$0z-V U5bind-users Send mail to bind-users-request@isc.org with subject subscribe namedroppers Send mail to namedroppers-request@internic.net subscribe in the subject comp.protocols.dns.bind comp.protocols.dns.ops comp.protocols.tcp-ip// /0A/0/0J/0D/000 40UlKdA40dd40UlKdJ40dd40UlKd40UlKd40UlKd(111 $*0@ p,0%0t} ,0H./04x$xa(  (t} 8 (   (@7 8D0   (mE  8t;D$Ĥ0  42dd3 w5//0011  8.04x$xw&UGGGى  (@ p 8 c  L   (@@  8:#t$#0z]V 5Other References</,//(Q0X0H040dd(111    (@  8O:$0z-V 5DNS and BIND Second Edition , Paul Albitz and Cricket Liu, OReilly & Associates, Inc. 1992, 1997, ISBN #1-56592-236-0 The BOG (Bind Operations Guide) v4.9.4, Paul Vixie, http://www.dns.net/dnsrd/docs/bog/bog.html The BIND 8 Online Docs http://www.multinet.process.com/bind-docs/index.html DNS Defined - A Practical Guide to TCP/IP Domain Name System and Services, Process Software Corp. 1994, 1996 RFCs RFC 1034 - Domain Names - Concepts and Facilities RFC 1035 - Domain Names - Implementation and Specification RFC 1537 - Common DNS Data File Configuration Errors RFC 1982 - Serial Number Arithmetic RFC 1996 - A Mechanism for Prompt Notification of Zone Changes RFC 2136 - Dynamic Updates in the Domain Name System//h/0/0/0/0=/0:/0(00x40UlKd_40UlKd40UlKdm40UlKd40UlKd240dd<40dd540dd$40dd?40dd440dd(111 4@ p,0%4t} ,0H./04x$xa(  (t} 8 (   (@7 8D4   (mE  8t;D$Ĥ0  42dd3 w5//0011 8.04x$xw&UGGGى  (@ p 8  l (09  8:$0jT5Slides available via anonymous FTP: ftp://ftp.process.com/decus/ireland_99/dnsintro.ppt ftp://ftp.process.com/decus/ireland_99/dnsintro.psh/X/$/0h/000$40dU540dU340dU(111 , (@@  8:#l$#0z]V 5Handouts</,//(Q0X0H040dd(111 8@ p,0%8t} ,0H./04x$xa(  (t} 8 (   (mE  8t=D$Ĥ0 42dd3 w5//0011   (@7 8D8  8.04x$xw&UGGGى  (@ p 8 w  (p  8  (p 8 . 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(ww  8 bwwwwwwxxxyy{{}}{yyxxxwwwwww t (5y5y:  8 :]y5y6y8y8{8}:}:::886655OOMMKKKKqqqqooo}{{yysyuyv{v}x}xxYYY}Y{[{[y]yL't}  0H./04x$xa(  (t} 8  =   (t| 8 e$D0| 5*</,// 0X0H040dd(111 =  ($| 8 e$D00| 5*</,// 0X0H040dd(111 =  (t]  8 #e$D#0]  5*</,// 0X0H040dd(111 =  ($]   8 #e$D#00]   5*</,// 0X0H040dd(111 _  (mE  8;$D0  /S5Click to edit Master notes styles Second Level Third Level Fourth Level Fifth Level//"/ 0 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0x0h0"40dd 40dd 40dd 40dd 40dd(11S1   (?7 8D % (h aG  8;e$0 &*  5*</,//0X0H040dd(111 t} LH./04x$xa(  (t} 8 i  =   (t| 8 e$D0| 5*</,// 0X0H040dd(111 =  ($| 8 e$D00| 5*</,// 0X0H040dd(111 =  (t]  8 #e$D#0]  5*</,// 0X0H040dd(111 =  ($]   8 #e$D#00]   5*</,// 0X0H040dd(111 % (h aG  8;e$0 &*  5*</,//0X0H040dd(111 04BdBdK 5 $de, Current UserHeader9SummaryInformation(GRDocumentSummaryInformation8Times New RomanArialMonotype Sorts WingdingsProcess Software.potMicrosoft Clip GalleryNo Slide TitleBrief History LessonAnd then there were manyHow Hierarchy works Basic DesignDNS ResolversLocal vs. fully qualifiedlocal vs. fully qualifiedResolving with Search ListsTwo types of delegationNon-Recursive QueriesRecursive QueriesWith some RealismCachingExample with CachingPrimary ServersSecondary SeOh+'0lR( @L p |  TCP/IP Protocol SuitesCP/ Geoff Bryantol eofeof+C:\MSOFFICE\Templates\Process Software.potJeff Schreiberp41fMicrosoft PowerPoint 4.0ces@: @@1ь@ I j@3/1GP%  R('&; &&#TNPP0D z & TNPP &&TNPP   ;  'A x;(xKʦ 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&rversZone Transfer Basic setup Forwarders and ForwardingCentralized CachingForwarding SetupForward Only SetupAllow-transferbogus servers SOA RecordsRefresh, Retry and ExpireAdjusting MinimumSequence SpaceMailing Lists and NewsgroupsOther ReferencesNo Slide TitleNo Slide Title  Fonts UsedDesign TemplateEmbedded OLE Servers Slide Titles!